African American History and Women Timeline 1900-1919

The following is a timeline of African American womens history from 1900-1919. 1900 †¢ (September) Nannie Helen Burroughts and others founded the Womens Convention of the National Baptist Convention 1901 †¢ Regina Anderson born (librarian, Harlem Reaissance figure) 1902 †¢ Local white protests of the appointment of Minnie Cos as postmistress of Indianola, Mississippi, led to President Theodore Roosevelt suspending postal services to the town. †¢ (February 27) Marian Anderson born (singer) †¢ (October 26) Elizabeth Cady Stanton died (antislavery and womens rights activist) 1903 †¢ Harriet Tubman signed over her home for the elderly to the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church †¢ Harriet Marshall founded the Washington (DC) Conservatory, admitting African American students †¢ Maggie Lena Walker founded St. Lukes Penny Savings Bank in Richmond, Virginia, becoming the first woman bank president †¢ Sarah Breedlove Walker (Madam C.J. Walker) begins her haircare business †¢ Ella Baker born (civil rights activist) †¢ Zora Neale Hurston born (writer, folklorist) 1904 †¢ Virginia Broughton published Womens Work, as Gleaned from the Women of the Bible †¢ Mary McLeod Bethune founded what is today Bethune-Cookman College 1905 †¢ Niagara Movement founded (out of which the NAACP grew) †¢ National League for the Protection of Colored Women founded in New York †¢ Ariel Williams Holloway born (musician, teacher, poet, figure in Harlem Renaissance) †¢ Constitution of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, Wobblies) included a provision that no working man or woman shall be excluded from membership in unions because of creed or color †¢ first outdoor tuberculosis camp in the United States was opened in Indianapolis, Indiana, sponsored by the Womens Improvement Club 1906 †¢ after a riot in Brownsville, Texas, President Theodore Roosevelt delivered dishonorable discharges to three companies of African American soldiers; Mary Church Terrell was among those formally protesting this action †¢ second meeting of the Niagara Movement met at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, with about 100 men and women in attendance †¢ Josephine Baker born (entertainer) †¢ Susan B. Anthony died (reformer, abolitionist, womens rights advocate, lecturer) 1907 †¢ Negro Rural School Fund was established by Anna Jeanes, aimed at improving education for rural southern African Americans †¢ Gladys Bentley, Harlem Renaissance figure, became known for her risque and flamboyant piano playing and singing †¢ Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller received the first federal art commission awarded to an African American woman -- for figurines of African Americans to be used at the Jamestown Tercentenniel Exposition 1908 †¢ call issued which resulted in 1909 founding of NAACP; women signers included Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Jane Addams, Anna Garlin Spencer, and Harriot Stanton Blatch (daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton) †¢ in Los Angeles, the Womans Day Nursery Association was formed to provide care for African American children whose mothers worked outside the home †¢ Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority founded 1909 †¢ Nannie Helen Burroughs founded the National Training School for Women, Washington DC †¢ Gertrude Steins novel Three Lives characterizes a black female character, Rose, as having the simple, promiscuous immorality of Black people. †¢ (February 12) National Negro Conference 1910 †¢ second conference of the National Negro Conference forms the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), with  Mary White Ovington  as a key organizer holding a variety of offices 1910-1947 including as member of the Executive Board and board chair, 1917-1919; later women leaders included Ella Baker and  Myrlie Evers-Williams †¢ (September 29) Committee on Urban Conditions Among Negroes founded by Ruth Standish Baldwin and George Edmund Haynes 1911 †¢ Committee on Urban Conditions Among Negroes, Committee for the Improvement of Industrial Conditions Among Negroes in New York, and National League for the Protection of Colored Women merged, forming the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes (later just National Urban League) †¢ (January 4)  Charlotte Ray  died (first African American woman lawyer in the United States and the first woman admitted to the bar in the District of Columbia) †¢Ã‚  Edmonia Lewis  last reported in Rome; died that year or after (her death date and location are unknown) †¢ Mahalia Jackson born (gospel singer) †¢ (February 11)  Francis Ellen Watkins Harper  died (abolitionist, writer, poet) 1912 †¢ Virginia Lacy Jones born (librarian) †¢ Margaret Washington, newly elected president of the National Association of Colored Women, founded the periodical  National Notes 1913 †¢Ã‚  Harriet Tubman  died (Underground Railroad conductor, abolitionist, womens rights advocate, soldier, spy, lecturer) †¢ Fannie Jackson Coppin died (educator) †¢ (February 4)  Rosa Parks  born †¢ (April 11) federal government officially segregates by race all federal workplaces, including rest rooms and eating facilities †¢ (-1915) Ruth Standish Baldwin served as president of the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes 1914 †¢ Marcus and Amy Jacques Garvey founded the Negro Universal Improvement Association in Jamaica -- this moved later to New York, promoting a homeland in Africa and independence in America for African Americans †¢ (or 1920) Daisy Bates born (civil rights activist) 1915 †¢ National Negro Health movement began to offer services to black communities, serving and including as health workers many African American women †¢ Billie Holiday born as Eleanora Fagan (singer) 1916 1917 †¢ Ella Fitzgerald born (singer) †¢Ã‚  Gwendolyn Brooks  born (poet) †¢ (June 30)  Lena Horne  born (singer, actress) †¢ (July 1-3) race riots in East St. Louis killed 40 to 200; 6,000 had to leave their homes †¢ (October 6)  Fannie Lou Hamer  born (activist) 1918 †¢ Frances Elliott Davis enrolled with the American Red Cross, the first African American nurse to do so †¢ (March 29)  Pearl Bailey  born 1919 †¢ NAACP founded with a number of women signing the call;  Mary White Ovington  became the first chairperson †¢ Pearl Primus born (dancer) †¢ Sarah Breedlove Walker (Madam C.J. Walker) died suddenly (executive, inventor, philanthropist);  ALelia Walker  becomes president of the Walker company †¢ Edmonia Highgate died (fundraiser, after the Civil War, for the Freedmans Association and the American Missionary Society, for educating freed slaves)

Outline and Explain the View That Youth Subcultures Are a...

Outline And Explain the view that youth subcultures are a form of resistance to capitalism (33 Marks) A youth subculture is a youth-based subculture with distinct styles, behaviours, and interests. Youth subcultures offer participants an identity outside of that ascribed by social institutions such as family, work, home and school. Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a countries trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. I will use evidence from the CCCS (Marxists), Parsons, Pollemous and Bennett. Marxist writers, especially those associated with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) studies youth sub-cultures in the 1970s. They saw working-class youth cultures linked to the†¦show more content†¦Parsons says that the purpose of youth sub-cultures is essentially to act as a transition between childhood and adulthood and smooth this pathway, providing links between the conflicting values of home (childhood) and work (adulthood). Functionalist research into youth sub-cultures has been criticised for emphasising the shared features of youth-subcultures and ignoring important differences, especially social class. Pollemous, a postmodernist would also argue against the statement that youth sub-cultures are rebelling against capitalist society, stating that old/solid subcultures no longer exist as boundaries between subcultures have become blurred. His concept, the supermarket of style illustrates that lifestyle is now based on individual taste, and often approached in a pick n mix approach. The pick n mix approach involves playing with different styles, sampling and mixing them. Criticisms of postmodernist research into youth sub-cultures is that distinct sub-cultures may not have disappeared, some still exist in contemporary society- included Goths and hipsters. Bennett would disagree with the statement and say that sub-cultures do not exist today. Bennett researched clubs in Newcastle and found no evidence for youth sub-cultures. Instead, he found loose, fluid and relatively short term youth groupings occurred, which were drawn from a range of socialShow MoreRelatedcrime and deviance4817 Words   |  20 Pagesthe following may appear: status frustration, illegitimate opportunity structure, delinquency and drift, subterranean values, anomie, cultural deprivation, alternative status hierarchy, criminal subcultures, conflict subcultures, retreatist subcultures, differential association, focal concerns, resistance through ritual, bricolage, style. Evaluation may be developed, for example, by locating the discussion within a debate between perspectives, or considering relevant methodological issues. 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This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper SaddleRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesstab you or murder you.2 But Palumbo persisted in making his club a safer, cleaner environment. During the 1990s, he campaigned nationally against the use of drugs in youth venues. Thus the Ministry of Sound led in the transformation of club culture from an underground movement associated with ‘acid house’ into a mainstream youth market activity. An illuminated sign on Palumbo’s ofï ¬ ce wall read: We are building a global entertainment business based on a strong aspirational brand respected for its

Legal and Ethics Free Essays

Stakeholdes are people who hold a stake or some share in a certain company, system or an issue. The analysis of stakeholders is a way of discerning a company or the system itself, wherein areas such as power, objectives, aims, position and relationships can be looked into. An analysis of these stakeholders will show a pattern of communication, conflict and understanding between these shareholders. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal and Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will help in resolving any differences and issues. According to ICRA these are different types of stakeholders,  ·      Key stakeholder. Are those stakeholders who have a great influence over the project and its success involved.  ·      Primary stakeholder. Are those stakeholders who are direct beneficiaries of the results and the of the project.  ·    Secondary stakeholder. Are those stakeholders who act as â€Å"intermediaries† inside a project or a system.  ·   Active stakeholders. These stakeholders directly affect or may even determine decisions and actions in a project or a system.  ·    Passive stakeholders. These are stakeholders who are directly affected by any decions and actions taken by the others.  ·   Important stakeholders. These stakeholders are very important to the project itself. Their needs are of high signifcance.  ·    Influential stakeholders. These are stakeholders who have the influence or the power to make decions regarding an activity or who can convince others in making a decion. Any ethical obligations to the stakeholder can be easily balanced by offereing them substantial roles of responisibility. According to Bittner and Spence (2002), you need to identify the type of stakeholder for the kind of role. These roles can be that of ambassadors (Key/Influential/Important stakeholders), advisors (Active/Primary stakeholders), visionaries (Active), executive sponsors (Passive stakeholders) marketeers (Passive/Secondary stakeholders) or standard users (Secondary stakeholders). These roles can be interchangable depending on the responsibility that is involved and the influence that the stakeholder has in the project or the system. According to Robertson (2000), the first step would be to identidy the requiremnts and inturn to identify the stakeholders. Next step would be to recognize the kind of role they plan to play in the project along with their level of involvemnt and commitment to the project. This will very well enable us to understand any conflicts that arise and help us to comeup with any resolutions for it. Stakeholders are very important people irrespective of the kind of role they play. All need to be respected and taken care of equally so that the project does not suffer in the long run but instead benefits with the experience and idealogies of such capable and able people. References ICRA. ICRA Learning Materials – Stakeholders – Key Concepts. Bittner, K, Spence, I (2002). Use Case Modeling. Addison-Wesley Professional. System design Robertson. S (2000). Project Sociology:Identifying and involving the stakeholders. The Atlantic Systems Guild Ltd How to cite Legal and Ethics, Essay examples

Philip Larkins poetry be used to address Essay Example For Students

Philip Larkins poetry be used to address Essay The marginal or neglected can be seen to refer to Individuals, a class or nation, to ideas that have been marginals, to neglected forms such as poetry, and to the marginals self. Philip Larkin is renowned for his use of the colloquial in his poetry, and he renews the importance of everyday language and words, that have been neglected and marginals in forms of expression. His poems have the tone of the ordinary day. Through this use of language, he reflects on the loss of Identity and to the neglected state of England due to modernization and Industrialization. Poetry itself Is a specialist form; however Larking poetry can be seen as homely and less dramatic. He brought back poetry as a relevant and accessible medium, as it is easily marginals. Larkin is a poet who concentrates on absence and reality, the mundane, small and intricate aspects of everyday life that are important, but often ignored. He depicts an English post-war setting, struggling with destitution and despair, affectively describing dislocated humanity within the disruption of modernism. HIS poetry produces a sense of agency, and his own normalization and loneliness is also reflected. Larking poem, Maiden Name is a meditation on identity, memory, language and tradition. He represents the name as a disposable object, commenting on the preserving of values and the loss of them. The new consumerist age of disposal can be seen to be referred to here. He creates a sense of an unused, neglected old self and a past Identity that has been lost through marriage. The womans maiden name has been used and neglected, being a phrase applicable to no one (1. 8). The use of iambic meter gives weight to Larking everyday language, emphasizing how easy it is to lose your identity. The meter makes a seemingly congested line easy to dead, as the stresses make it flow naturally; for example, It means what we feel now about you then (l. 15). The rhythm reflects the want to take time leisurely, rather than being hasty, as perhaps the marriage in the poem was rushed, leading the woman to forget the past as she was thankfully confused (1. 4). Larkin does not say that the name means the person, he says it meant her face and voice (11. 2-31 and that it was of her that these two words were used (1. 7), being applicable (1. ) like an adjective. The word and the person are never completely melded, reflecting the disunion teens a name and the self. This disunion Is reflected in the last line of the second stanza; No, It means you. Or, since youre past and gone (1. 14), suggesting that the womans self is past, whilst her previous name still exists. Larkin uses relatively commonplace words, but their simplicity emphasis his argument about how easy it is to discard and neglec t a word, a name, and so serious weight is given to everyday, often neglected language in poetry. Larking Going, Going Is a didactic poem, commenting on the rapid process of English environment, which has become alienating. The poem has a despairing edge, is view of England being fatalistic and apocalyptic, as he prefigures a complete destruction of the countryside and national wholesomeness and identity of England. He produces a sense of agency, and this poem reflects Morrison thought that Larking poems were serving the needs of postwar Britain. The title refers to the language of the auctioneer who, when selling something to the highest bidder, will say Going going gone before slamming down the hammer. This suggests the idea of parts of the country being sold off to those who can afford them, in quick succession, with no regard for the social cost. At the start of the poem, he uses the first person, l, to express what his past anxieties and thoughts of England were. He saw the countryside as having a balance between the rural and the urban that would last his time. He has assumed he would still be able to escape the modernization to the countryside, by driving to it. The images of bleak high-risers (1. 11) and louts (1. ) are suggestive to a industrial change at the start, yet it can be read that the people who live the high-risers have a bleak outlook, and emphasis can be put on the louts coming from a village (1. 4). In the fourth stanza, he describes what he feels now (1. 8), and the use of mass images suggests a loss of identity. For example the plural images of the crowd, kids (11. 19-21), More houses, more parking allowed, / More caravan sites, more pay (11. 22-3). England is becoming meaningless, having no individual identity, where greed / And garbage are too thick-strewn (11. 1-2). The spectacled grins (1. 25) represent the blandness of businessmen as they contemplate a commercial maneuver without taking account of the possible human consequences. Yet they are still mere grins, and not people. Modern industrial images are contrasted with the images of nature, such as the MI oaf (1. 20) and concrete and trees (1. 49). Industry is marshalling the countryside, neglecting it. In the third stanza he expresses the fairly naive belief that nature is stronger and more resilient than man and it will be able to recover. What is popular culture? Essay SummaryBy the use of structure and rhythm, he makes the reader aware of time and the use of it in everyday life. The slower pace gives time for neglected thought. The seeming simplicity of his imagery reflects how easy it is to lose history and its meaning. He comments on the universal themes of loss, identity, consumerist culture, the environment and fatalism, through commonplace, neglected vocabulary. He effectively describes dislocated humanity within the disruption of modernism. Through his average voice , he brings importance back to the mundane everyday aspects of life that are ignored and selected.